Searching for the Potential Benefits of Taking PQQ?
If you are the type of person that concerns themselves with optimal nutrition, you probably have noticed that a few forward-thinking nutritional companies have added some sort of pyrroloquinoline quinone supplement to their line of products and are marketing the potential benefits of taking PQQ. Pyrroloquinoline quinone is quickly gaining in popularity as a potent antioxidant, rivaling both resveratrol and quercetin as the most beneficial nutraceutical of the three.
PQQ capsules
The purported benefits of pyrroloquinoline quinone supplementation include:
- An overall improvement in energy levels
- Improved cognitive function and memory
- Reduction in mitochondrial degradation
- Cardiovascular improvement
- Increased skin elasticity
- Potential neuro-protectant
- Enhanced nerve growth
There have been almost 200 scientific studies published on PQQ
So what do we know for sure so far about PQQ? We know pyrroloquinoline quinone is required in the human diet; without PQQ our biochemical functions would cease to operate properly. In the 2003 Nature article Nutritional biochemistry: A new redox-cofactor vitamin for mammals the researches Takaoki Kasahara and Tadafumi Katopropose proposed that PQQ should join niacin and riboflavin under the umbrella of B vitamins. However, it is now generally accepted that pyrroloquinoline quinone is not a vitamin.
The original claim by Kasahara and Katopropose was likely due to misinterpretation of the data in the Nutritional biochemistry: A new redox-cofactor vitamin for mammals article. It is now generally believed in the academic community that (rather than a vitamin) pyrroloquinoline quinone is better classified as one of a few bio-available compounds that can act as a cell signaling molecule.
Pyrroloquinoline quinone is prevalent in many foods associated with a healthy diet, so people that eat well-rounded meals should get enough to sustain their biological need. It is a water-soluble compound making it difficult to achieve PQQ toxicity. In short, if you would like to take a PQQ supplement — absent of health problems — there should be little concern. Pyrroloquinoline quinone is now being heavily marketed to those concerned with “aging well”. That is despite the fact that to date no published research exists using any type of whole organisms that addresses whether or not methoxatin has an independent or direct influence on aging. All of the work linking pyrroloquinoline quinone to aging is inferential and is based on PQQ’s ability to optimize mitochondrial function.
If you have any questions about pyrroloquinoline quinone, please leave them in the comments section below and I (or my father) will try to answer them as quickly as possible.
What are the anti-aging benefits of PQQ?
The claims being made regarding anti-aging is that some PQQ studies show improved mitochondriogenesis. With that said, there have been no studies on PQQ and aging yet per se. However, in 2010 there were over 400 PubMed cited mitochondria-related/aging publications.
For myalgia (painful muscles) caused from a reaction from a statin drug, could this supplement rid the painful muscles by reducing mitochondrial problems? Does it depend on what type of muscle problem there is from the statin drug? Of course adding in the CoQ10 is a given as well as Lipoic Acid, L Carnitine. The study in UC Davis showed that mice replenished their mitochondria by taking PQQ. So I am doing my own research project to see if myalgia is lessened by it.
Hello Susan, what great questions! To answer them correctly requires consideration of a number of complex variables. Also, let’s be clear that before you experiment with any nutraceutical or food supplement you should confer your choices with a doctor that is familiar with your particular circumstance. Studies show PQQ does stimulate cell-signaling pathways that can initiate the potential for increased mitochondrial production. In independent pathways, the production of other factors important to mitochondrial production or function must also be considered. Specifically regarding Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), the rate of total synthesis can be compromised when statins are used (e.g. to address… Read more »
Is the additional cost of Ubiquinol over CoQ10 worth it?
Ubiquinol is an electron-rich (reduced) form of CoQ10, but they are basically the same thing. The natural Ubiquinol form of CoQ10 is 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-poly prenyl-1,4-benzoquinol, where the polyprenylated side chain is 9 to 10 units long in mammals. CoQ10 exists in three redox states, fully oxidized (ubiquinone), partially reduced (semiquinone or ubisemiquinone), and fully reduced (ubiquinol) and there isn’t strong research to show empirical that one form is better than the other so it is really a matter of choice and what you personally believe.
Very thorough information! I’m currently pursuing a degree in Medicine, and appreciate how you present your knowledge/findings on pyrroloquinoline quinone. You are my first blog crush!
Thanks Shannon! Really appreciate the feedback. Warm regards, Mike
What is the recommended dosage of PQQ?
Great question Corrie, so great we dedicated a whole new post just for you, enjoy… What is the recommended dosage of PQQ? 🙂
Is there any truth to the belief that the only effective and real CoQ10 is manufactured by the Japanese? Japanese biocultured CoQ10 (ubiquione) is purported to be the only real choice. “The fraud is cheap, unstable ubiquinol (an alcohol) rather than real ubiquinone (a ketone). Yes, CoQ10 does break down into ubiquinol when you take it. But you can’t use ubiquinol, as it is unstable and has no shelf life. There is ZERO published science behind ubiquinol.”
Lee, the short answer to your question is no. There are quality sources of CoQ10 manufactured outside of Japan. In the body ubiquinone is converted to ubiquinol. There are three redox states of Coenzyme Q10: fully oxidized (ubiquinone), semi-quinone (ubisemiquinone), and fully reduced (ubiquinol). There are a number of factors the affect CoQ10 levels (plasma and tissues), for example: – The use of statin drugs reduce CoQ10 levels because CoQ10 depends on the cholesterol pathway for its synthesis – Aging reduces CoQ10 levels – UV light (sun) exposure reduces CoQ10 levels in the skin Ubiquinol supplements are now usually made… Read more »
I hardly ever leave comments on blogs, but I visited your site about PQQ which was recommended by my friend, lots of valuable details, thanks for putting this together!
Regarding ubiquinol vs ubiquinine (CoQ10), studies have shown much greater absorption of ubiquinol. A recent study from The International Society of Regulatory Toxicology & Pharmacology showed that just 150 mg per day of ubiquinol would provide virtually the same high CoQ10 blood levels as 1200 mg of enhanced-delivery ubiquinone.
Tony, you are correct! This information is outlined in the book What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About(TM) Diabetes: An Innovative Program to Prevent, Treat, and Beat This Controllable Disease
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What a solid effort with the pyrroloquinoline-quinone.com website! I’ve bookmarked this page on Digg. You guys are doing a marvelous job, thanx for sharing this information and keeping it up to date.
Greetings,
I was recently referred to this website. I have been taking CoQ10 for nearly 20 years. Fortunately, the cost has decreased alot. I currently take 300mg per day versus 30mg years ago. I powerwalk at 58 and keep up with much younger walkers. I recently started taking Jarrow Formulas Ubiquinol and it seems much lower doses are needed 50mg as compared to CoQ10 300mg/day. What I am not clear about is what exactly PQQ offers that is better than Ubiquinol and how PQQ works as compared to Ubiguinol? Can you clarify?
Hi GFganesh, I hope you didn’t powerwalk today. I checked out your site and noticed we both live in Berkeley. I got caught running in the hail today and it wasn’t fun. I digress… regarding CoQ10 dosage, over the years there have been improvements in the delivery systems and stability of preparations of CoQ used in supplements. CoQ supplements can be made by dispersing ubiquinol (a chemically reduced form of CoQ) in oil. The good news is that the biological availability of the reduced form of CoQ (ubiquinol) in supplements has improved, although in clinical studies, amounts in excess of… Read more »
Please forgive my ignorance, I’ve tried to read all the comments here but still have some questions about PQQ. My mother has congestive heart failure and emphysema. Could pyrroloquinoline quinone help her or should she be careful about taking it? Also, for a “healthy” person, are there other supplements you need while taking methoxatin? Thanks for all the good insight. I’m sure it’s not as complicated as I’m making it.
Hi Jamie, sorry for the delay in getting to your questions. It turns out that none of these relationships are easy and it is complicated. We will always argue that there are no “magic” bullets and one’s approaches to natural supplements (PQQ or otherwise) should always be thoughtful and careful. The issues range from quality control of the products themselves to their actual efficacy. Appreciate that a lot of the claims are based on isolated cells in culture or a mechanistic animal model or experiments wherein the goal is to study the phenomenon in very controlled settings and often at… Read more »
Will PQQ help stroke victims in the area of memory and expressive speech?
PQQ has never been tested in this regard. There are several animal studies and one human study that suggests pyrroloquinoline quinone seems to be helpful in tests for improvements in short term memory, but these studies were done in healthy animals and senior (but healthy) human volunteers.
How can I get your supplements here in Johannesburg, South Africa?
Best Regards,
Professor Mazuru Gundidza
Hi, I understand cellular biology a little bit and was just wondering; when a cell divides and reproduces itself repetitively over someone’s life, their DNA gets progressively more and more damaged until the cell just dies right? So, shouldn’t the mitochondrial DNA get progressively more damaged, in the same way, the more times it replicates itself? Could PQQ speed up the aging process of mitochondria then? Kind of burning them out in like a blaze of glory or something? Thanks for your opinion
Professor Gundidza, I do not know of a South African supplier of PQQ unfortunately. Sorry that I cannot help you.
What do you think about nasal administration of PQQ? It is water soluble, hardly crosses the brain blood barrier, acts very quick in vitro… My idea is to deliver more PQQ to the brain.
Hi Ivan, as a concept there might be some merit, but nasal administration is not recommended for a host of reasons. The most compelling is the unknown factors. There are many cases where administering nutraceuticals through intranasal means has led to undesired results. One popular example was in June 2009, when the FDA advised consumers not to use a certain intranasal zinc product because of potential olfaction impairment. There have been many other cases where harm has been done by nasal administration. Until there is research to warrant the benefit of nasal administration, this method is not advised. Furthermore, just… Read more »
Can a diabetic consume a PQQ supplement?
I recently started supplementing with PQQ and have noticed… MODERATOR NOTE: John we have moved the rest of your comment to the PQQ Testimonials section.
How long do the effects of cells growing new mitochondria last after you stop taking PQQ? Or would you have to keep taking it?
I have some optic nerve damage due to glaucoma. It seems to me PQQ can potentially promote nerve (including optic nerve I presume) growth/regeneration and protection. Can this help me?
Hi Sugiono, all I can say at this point is that PQQ does seem to stimulate nerve growth in recent scientific studies. No studies specific to glaucoma have been conducted. You’ll find more information about nerve growth in our latest post answering whether or not PQQ can be used for neuroprotection.
I have been taking CoQ10 for many years. Now taking Ubiquinol. My question is, since this molecule is far too large to get through cellular membranes including those of the cellular organelles of the mitochondria, how can CoQ10 help energy production? RE: Pyrroloquinoline quinone I recently started taking Life Extension Bio-PQQ, 10 mg, 1-2 per day. I also take Prozac, Risperdal and Immipramine. I noticed after perhaps 30 days of administration of PQQ what seemed like an increase in Norepinephrine and a decline in mood. I stopped taking the PQQ and Ubiquinol (just to be safe re Ubiquinol). Does PQQ… Read more »
Hello John, first off I’m cautious about giving you any specific information. Medicine and nutraceuticals often have profound synergistic / negative interactions. With your current regimen, it would be nearly impossible to given you any useful advice. This one should really be sorted out with the medical professionals that are familiar with your medical history and the ins and outs of the pharmaceutical mixture you have been subscribed. That said, here is simply information pertaining to some of your concerns: Regarding CoQ10 versus Ubiquinol, keep in mind that as soon as you ingest CoQ10, much of it is reduced to… Read more »
There are a lot of questions about Methoxatin piling up. Please bear with us, we’ll try to get to most of them this weekend. The moderators of this site are all based out of California so for the repeated requests to provide locations of supplement stores near Johannesburg that carry PQQ will go unanswered, because frankly that information is unknown to us.
Sorry we cannot be more helpful in that regard. In the meantime, please check out our new post about quinone structure and let us know what you think.
I suffer from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome due to a mitochondrial disorder. About 50 – 60 % of all my mitochondria are destroyed. Do you recommend PQQ to get new functioning mitochondria to recover from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? What dose per day do you recommend? Are there any side effects from pyrroloquinoline quinone?
Encouraged via TV by Don Colbert, I supplemented my Parkinson’s regimen of Stalevo and Azilect with PQQ and soon felt an increase in nausea and off times. Any thoughts?
Yes, stop taking PQQ. There is no reported adverse effects when one abruptly stops methoxatin and if you are experiencing an adverse reaction to pyrroloquinoline quinone, then this supplement is obviously not for you. I will also add your experience to the testimonials page.
Mr. Black, as you are probably aware complex conditions, such as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) involve multiple genes and a number of metabolic and/or signaling pathways. One would obviously like mitochondrial oxidation to be optimized in CFS, but to achieve that kind of response, given compounds may have to influence a number of specific components (e.g. metabolic signaling and other pathways) that may be amiss, and possibly vary somewhat from individual to individual. It is doubtful that PQQ in the amounts available in supplements would act as a pro-oxidant. Here are a few studies (chemical and in vitro) that test… Read more »
I was given Levaquin for heavy chest mucus and got some of the side effects – bad ankle and knee joints, damaged tendons and ligaments, random shooting pains and painful joints all over*, memory and vision degradation, extreme energy reduction. (I’m male, age 72; items with an * have improved a lot). Levaquin (and Cipro and all of the fluoroquinolones) is reported to damage DNA in all body cells, and carry the damage forward through cell apoptosis/mitosis. See references at http://www.fqresearch.org/ftrf_dna.htm. My question is: Would PQQ, CoQ10, Ubiquinol (or a combination of them, ala the Life Extension Magazine special winter… Read more »
Hello Roger, I wish we could give you a better answer than “I don’t know” but ill effects from pharmacology are beyond the scope of the information on this site. The best we can offer is consult your physician about the possibility of supplementing your diet with pyrroloquinoline quinone, and see if you feel any positive effects (if she/he gives you the okay). If you don’t feel any positive benefits, stop supplementing with PQQ. There isn’t any information to point you to unfortunately, and given your condition this is really something that should be considered with your personal health care… Read more »
I’m leaning towards trying PQQ as a supplement, in addition to Resveratrol, and ellagic acid (and quercetin, and Curcumin as well). No, I am not saying all at once, but maybe some overlapping here and there, with my main focus the past 2 months being Resveratrol. No, no testimonies here at this point, but rather a comment and question regarding Idebenone. My comment is that I will be co-supplementing PQQ with Idebenone rather than CoQ10. My question is, without looping back to Quercetin, what do you think of them apples? No, I am not as knowledgeable as those writing on… Read more »
Are there any other vitamin supplements that are synergistic with PQQ, for example would r lipoic acid go well with pyrroloquinoline quinone, or something like vitamin c or other antioxidants? What are your favorite antioxidants?
That is a great question Anthony and inspired our latest post: PQQ Effects on Cell Growth and New Mitochondria. Other Pyrroloquinoline Quinone site visitors, there are currently ~eleven unanswered questions. We promise to try and get to them by the end of the month. Sorry for the delay.
Clarence, yes, a diabetic can supplement with methoxatin. However, as goes with anyone with a medical condition, it should be under the supervision and guidance of a health care professional.
Hi Rich, not to sound like a broken record but when you are dealing with pharmacology it is best to make these type decisions in conjunction with your physician. Idebenone is a synthetic analogue of CoQ10 and therefore replacing CoQ10 with pyrroloquinoline quinone in your particular situation doesn’t seem intuitive. There could be some possible synergistic benefits to taking methoxatin with CoQ10 in a healthy individual but, again, since you are on medication I recommend asking your physician if your purposed regimen experiment makes sense.
Hi Daimon, take a look at Pyrroloquinoline Quinone and Mitochondria. I think we answered you question there, but if not please ask your question other way so we can address your concerns. You have some challenging questions, good to see you thinking.
Hi Reynaldo, you had enough quality questions that we created a post to address them, here it is… Is there a vitamin PQQ should be taken with? Let us know if you have any others.
To PQQ Mod: Earlier you stated “The link made to anti-aging is the PQQ studies showing improved mitochondriogenesis. With that said, there have been no PQQ and aging studies per se. However, in 2010 there were over 400 PubMed cited mitochondria-related/aging publications.” Are you referring to over 400 on PQQ? I noticed this from PureCaps: “Recent studies indicate that PQQ supports cognitive function. In one study involving rats, PQQ supplementation supported performance in a water maze test. In a randomized, double blind study of 71 middle aged individuals, PQQ supplementation over 12 weeks promoted mental processing. In the same study,… Read more »
Hi JD, the PubMed citation count refers to the use of mitochondria and aging (and other combinations) as keywords. For the first 6 months of 2011, there have been about 250 mitochondria and aging related papers.
I teach and coach at a college in Illinois. I keep hearing great things about PQQ and would like to include a section in my classes as well as offer my athletes information as to its benefits. Your website gives some great info but I would like to know how much more effective are the benefits of PQQ when combined with CoQ10? I’ve seen studies conclude that there is increased effectiveness but with college students there is always the cost/benefit aspect. The combination supplements are MUCH more expensive than PQQ alone. Thoughts?
Mark, thanks so much for finding us. My interest in PQQ is more about exploring athletic endurance than anything else so I’m glad you found the site. Similar to the claims pyrroloquinoline quinone can slow aging through potentially stimulating mitochondriogenesis… along the same line one can speculate that PQQ may improve endurance as well. I believe I am one of the first to start experimenting with it for this purpose and have been fairly satisfied. I continue to achieve personal bests although I’m hardly taking pyrroloquinoline quinone in isolation. Previously we’ve reported that ubiquinone’s primary effect is on the aerobic… Read more »
I have heard that PQQ can enhance the expression of the sirt3 gene. Is this really true? I know that pyrroloquinoline quinone enhances mitochondrial biogenesis not by way of PPAR gamma but instead through the expression of cyclic AMP, and cyclic AMP and AMP kinase are much different. All that I’m asking is do we know for sure that PQQ does in fact interact with the sirt3 gene. I appreciate this thread very much. Thanks.
Hi Anthony, regarding your question, I had to call in a favor (hence the delay), it simply is above my pay grade… so I hope the following helps… Signaling molecules, such as the sirtuins or SIRTs are intimately involved in mitochondrial function. SIRT3 has probably gotten the most attention, because like SIRT4 and SIRT5, it is located in the mitochondrial matrix and implicated in regulating metabolic processes, such as adaptive thermogenesis, particularly in so-called brown adipose tissue. If the question is whether PQQ influences SIRT3 directly, there is no evidence to suggest that any of the proteins in the sirtuin… Read more »
Is there a source for pyrroloquinoline quinone in bulk/powdered form in the USA?
Yes there is JD, but you didn’t leave me an email or website to respond to.
Michael Rucker thank you so much for this valuable piece of information. This really provided me with a lot of information regarding PQQ’s true target and what genes it does target. I am very grateful for your response.
Can pyrroloquinoline quinone cause a melanoma tumor to grow and spread? In my opinion, if PQQ is like resveratrol (like you say), then maybe it could? I’ve read melanoma patients should avoid trans resveratrol. It has been shown resveratrol is not effective in treating melanoma and may cause metastasis: Resveratrol Is Rapidly Metabolized in Athymic (Nu/Nu) Mice and Does Not Inhibit Human Melanoma Xenograft Tumor Growth.
Hi Everett, a number of essential nutrients and some bio-factors may be cancer promoting or facilitating. However, there is no evidence that they are cancer initiating which is what it seems like you are trying to imply. Folic acid is a good example of this point. I’m currently supplementing with folic acid because I’m trying to produce a child with my wife, but would avoid this supplement if I had cancer. With that said, currently there are no published studies on PQQ and tumor growth or replication either in vitro or in vivo. The question is an important one though… Read more »
I noticed a few things that I should report while taking PQQ. FIrst I noticed a dramatic increase in the smoothness in my face. Secondly I noticed that my hair seemed to grow more thicker after a couple weeks. Thirdly I noticed more muscle mass on my arms. I also have a very noteworthy question that I world like to add. I know that pyrroloquinoline quinone is a cofactor for redox cycling. And I came up with an interesting thought in my head. Couldn’t PQQ convert the supplement niacin into Nad+ thus allowing a constant supply of Nad+ since NADH… Read more »
I have read your comments with admiration. Most present their views to the exclusion of others to promote an agenda; You are commendably different! As a leader in transdermal delivery systems I see some real applications in the utilization of PQQ. I could incorporate the NAD+ ; NADH, also my systems are dependent upon cGMP & cAMP functions. Last can you give me source for pyrroloquinoline quinone in bulk?
Dr. Pettersson, I have yet to find a good bulk source. I have gotten my hands on a little bit of pharmaceutical grade PQQ for the sake of testing (hope to have a video up soon), but I’m afraid the earthquake in Japan and the US demand has made sourcing difficult. I will not remove your link so that any opportunist that knows another angle (and may be able to source for you) can find you via your link. I won’t publish your email so that you do not get spammed. If I find out any new information on pyrroloquinoline… Read more »
I’m new to the discussion and had to comment on your previous and thoughtful post on PQQ. Another interesting thought is that since PQQ leads to mitochondrial biogenesis through the activation of cell signaling molecules that likely include AMPK, the activation of AMPK by pyrroloquinoline quinone would lead to the up-regulation of Nampt, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of NAD+. This increase in NAD+ would in turn serve as a substrate for the Sirtuins (SIRT1,3,4), thus activating the Sirtuins. SIRT1 and SIRT3 activation would then lead to the upregulation of PGC1-alpha. PGC1-alpha has been shown to increase mitochondrial biogenesis,… Read more »
Hi Jahahreeh, your ideas were a bit above my pay-grade so I had to ask for some help, hence the delay. Hopefully it was worth the wait. I have attempted to contribute to your theory via the site’s latest post: PQQ, AMPK, Nampt, NAD+, Sirtuins, and PGC1-alpha. Please let me know what you think.
I’ve read that PQQ is found in parsley. Just how much parsley would one have to eat to achieve therapeutic benefits of pyrroloquinoline quinone?
Hi Richard, A rough estimate is that for humans the total intake of PQQ including its derivatives, which are seldom measured, may amount to about a milligram or more a day with non-derivatized PQQ representing only a small portion (maybe 10-20% at most). Parsley contains about 30-40 nanogram of non-derivatized PQQ per gram, which is relatively high compared to other foods. For reference, a nanogram is one-millionth of a gram. Much of the data that compares PQQ contents in food comes from a paper by Kumazawa and colleagues (Levels of pyrroloquinoline quinone in various foods, Biochem. J. (1995); volume 307,… Read more »
Mother suffers from Alzheimer’s, family about to give up on her! Would there be any potential benefit for someone with Alzheimer’s to take PQQ?
Semper Fi,
Sarge
Hi Sarge, I’m really sorry to hear about your mother. I have worked with people suffering from cognitive decline and I know it is hard. You are not going to find hope in an over-the-counter bottle, whether it be pyrroloquinoline quinone, or something else. Once the disease onsets nutraceutical intervention is not an option unfortunately.
You said: “pyrroloquinoline quinone is better classified as one of a few compounds that act as cell signaling molecules.” If I may ask what are some of those other compounds that act as cell signaling molecules other than PQQ? (besides Resveratrol)
The most efficient way of addressing your question is to refer you to a series of articles that have been published in an easily accessed and free journal, California Agriculture. The short answer to your questions is that there are 100s of dietary compounds that seem to have biological effects; many of these have cell-signaling properties in a wide variety of cellular processes. Go to: http://californiaagriculture.ucanr.org or ‘California Agriculture Online’ via Google. You will find articles, such as “Biofactors in food linked to health benefits ”, “ Well-functioning cell mitochondria promote good health” , and “Biofactors in food promote health by enhancing… Read more »
I take Warfarin (6mg for 5 days, 3mg on two days). Does pqq interact with warfarin? Who are you Michael Rucker? What are your qualifications?
Hi Peter, I cannot answer your question about Warfarin because this interaction has not been studied. This is a topic that is best discussed with your primary physician. Regarding my qualifications, you can learn more about me at michaelrucker.com.
I cannot comment on the efficacy of PQQ, no matter who supplies it, but I do want to correct your characterization of Dr. Don Colbert as a “televangelist” in your comments. Dr. Colbert is a licensed medical doctor and author, board certified in Family Practice and Anti-Aging Medicine, who has been practicing in Florida for over 20 years, and who also happens to be of the Christian faith, and as such has appeared in his medical capacity as a expert guest on various Christian TV broadcasts, which has allowed to him to become known worldwide. He also happens to have… Read more »
Connie, thanks for the comment and the clarification on Dr. Colbert. I really have no opinion on him and/or his products due to lack of knowledge. I was getting a lot of requests from people located in Africa due to a broadcast of him that took place there, with local viewers anxious to get a hold of PQQ in Africa (and unfortunately couldn’t be more help to them). We appreciate you setting the record straight regarding his lack of evangelicality.
Does PQQ stimulate bacterial growth as well as mitochondrial growth? If so, would there be any interactions between eating fermented foods or probiotics in conjunction with PQQ?
Hi April, we’ve tried to answer your question here: Pyrroloquinoline Quinone and Probiotics. Let us know if that is the information you were looking for.